The Wall Street Journal on June 8, 2023 reported that “China and Cuba have reached a secret agreement for China to establish an electronic eavesdropping facility on the island, in a brash new geopolitical challenge by Beijing to the U.S., according to U.S. officials familiar with highly classified intelligence.”
After examining around a dozen “sites of interest” in Cuba, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) published a report in December 2024 that identified the four places it believes are most likely to be aiding China’s intelligence activities against the United States. One of the authors of the report Ryan C. Berg, Director, Americas Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, and Andrés Martínez-Fernández, Senior Policy Analyst, Latin America, Allison Center for National Security, will be testifying at today’s hearing.
Beijing began jointly operating intelligence bases targeting the United States with Cuban spy agencies since 1992, according to Chris Simmons, a former head of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency’s Western Hemisphere counterintelligence research section, revealed to the Miami Herald on July 4, 2024. He said that U.S. surveillance services were unaware of the arrangement until 2001, operating undetected fo a period of nine years.
This relationship also deserves a broader look, beyond Havana and Beijing’s joint espionage activities.
Communist China’s Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Mao Ning on June 4, 2024 described Cuban Minister of Foreign Affairs Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla as a “good old friend of China.” Rodríguez’s official visit from June 5 to 9, 2024 as a special envoy of Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel highlights the two communist regimes’ “special friendship.”
On April 21, 2020 the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation hosted a virtual conversation ont how China’s response to the coronavirus has affected Cuba. The relationship between the two communist regimes has been complicated, and not always good, but a brief review will provide an insight into the role Havana played in Beijing developing its biotech sector.
On September 28, 1960 the Cuban dictatorship diplomatically recognized the Peoples Republic of China. Ernesto “Che” Guevara led a Cuban delegation’s visit to Mainland China and met with Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and other high ranking Chinese officials in November 1960 to discuss conditions in Cuba and in Latin America, and the prospects for communist revolution in the Western Hemisphere. This was at a time that Havana still had normal diplomatic relations with the United States. Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States were severed on January 3, 1961, and the economic embargo imposed in February 1962.
Subsequently, between 1960 and 1964 the two regimes collaborated closely together, but relations between China and Cuba cooled in 1964 when the Castro regime fully sided with the Soviet Union in the Sino-Soviet split. The warming of relations between the People’s Republic of China and the United States beginning in the Nixon Administration did not improve matters.
Moreover, Chieu Luu, in his CNN article “Castro’s Cuba and Mao’s China: Communist regimes that never saw eye to eye” published on November 26, 2016 recalled the late Cuban dictator’s critique of Mao Zedong in 1977.
“I believe that Mao (Zedong) destroyed with his feet what he did with his head for many years. I’m convinced of that. And some day the Chinese people, the Communist party of China will have to recognize that,” Castro told American journalist Barbara Walters in May 1977. He went on to list what he said were Mao’s grave mistakes: a cult personality and abuse of great power. “I also acquired that power, but I never abused it, nor did I retain it in my hands,” Castro said. Although both Cuba and China were functioning Communist states, Castro told Walters he viewed China as a “good ally” of the US, which was a bitter enemy of Cuba.
NBC 6‘s Ike Seaman in a October 10, 2001 article “Cuba’s Biological Weapon Industry” reported that “With help from the Soviet Union’s massive secret biological weapons program, Castro was able to build one of the world’s most sophisticated biotechnology industries which can also be used to build weapons of mass destruction.” Dr. Ken Alibek, former Soviet scientist and author of the book, Biohazard said helped train Cubans in biotechnology, and that he regretted it, saying: “This work would be used for developing biological weapons or biological agents. As a result of this, we helped Castro develop biological weapons. It was such a stupid decision to just do this.”
Following this rapprochement, Havana began offering their biotech knowledge, gained from Moscow, to their counterparts in Beijing, and in 2002, China and Cuba signed a formal agreement to produce monoclonal antibodies. By 2004 Cuba had joint ventures in China that included both biotech, and genetic engineering. Douglass Starr in Wired Magazine on December 1, 2004 reported on this phenomenon in the article “ The Cuban Biotech Revolution“.
What Cubans call “the Special Period” produced one notable success: pharmaceuticals. In the wake of the Soviet collapse, Cuba got so good at making knockoff drugs that a thriving industry took hold. Today the country is the largest medicine exporter in Latin America and has more than 50 nations on its client list. Cuban meds cost far less than their first-world counterparts, and Fidel Castro’s government has helped China, Malaysia, India, and Iran set up their own factories: “south-to-south technology transfer.”
In 2015, then vice-president Miguel Diaz-Canel visited Beijing and praised Havana’s collaboration with Communist China in the sphere of biotechnology. Granma, Cuba’s official national communist newspaper, reported on the Cuban vice-president’s visit to a biotech facility in China.
“Díaz-Canel emphasized the notable progress made by Cuba and China in the sphere of biotechnology over recent years while also highlighting the close collaboration that the two countries share in the sector; providing great benefits and knowledge for both peoples.”
Without Havana’s joint ventures over the past 20 years in Cuba, Beijing may not have been in a position to have the capability to run a biotech / genetic engineering lab like the one in Wuhan that caused so much tragedy during the COVID pandemic.
Havana’s engagement with other autocrats extends beyond spy bases into other fields that have had negative results for the international community.
China’s Intelligence Footprint in Cuba: New Evidence and Implications for U.S. Security
Brief by Matthew P. Funaiole, Aidan Powers-Riggs, Brian Hart, Henry Ziemer, Joseph S. Bermudez Jr., Ryan C. Berg, and Christopher Hernandez-Roy
Published December 6, 2024
The Issue
China has long been rumored to operate spy facilities in Cuba, but few details about its footprint there have been made public. Research by CSIS reveals four sites within Cuba that are most likely to be supporting China’s efforts to collect intelligence on the United States and its neighbors. Satellite imagery and open-source analysis offer an unprecedented look into these facilities and provide clues as to how they could be used to spy on sensitive communications and activities in the region. These sites have undergone observable upgrades in recent years, even as Cuba has faced increasingly dire economic prospects that have drawn it closer to China. In light of these developments, the United States and its regional partners should carefully monitor China’s growing role in Cuba, harden sensitive communications, and push for transparency to reduce the likelihood of miscalculation.
Introduction
China’s ambitions to expand its global intelligence-gathering capabilities have drawn it to the doorstep of the United States. In a striking revelation in June 2023, Biden administration officials confirmed reports that China has access to spy facilities in Cuba. Later divulgences by the Wall Street Journal suggested that officials had identified as many as four facilities of concern and tracked Chinese technicians entering and exiting several.
Rumors of a Chinese intelligence presence in Cuba have been simmering for decades. Yet the latest revelations fed new speculation about the extent and depth of Beijing’s footprint there. Coming just months after a Chinese spy balloon crossed much of the continental United States, these reports contributed to renewed concerns over China’s expanding efforts to collect intelligence on the U.S. homeland.
Cuba’s proximity to the southern United States and the Caribbean makes it a prime location for collecting signals intelligence (SIGINT) on the region. Sitting less than 100 miles south of Florida, Cuba is well-positioned to keep watch on sensitive communications and activities, including those of the U.S. military. The southeastern seaboard of the United States brims with military bases, combatant command headquarters, space launch centers, and military testing sites. For Beijing, having access to SIGINT capabilities in Cuba would open a significant intelligence window inaccessible from within Chinese territory.
Satellite imagery and other unclassified information analyzed by CSIS provides an unprecedented look at four facilities across Cuba that have equipment capable of collecting SIGINT. Some are decades old but appear to have undergone upgrades in recent years; others have materialized only within the past few years. These four facilities—selected from nearly a dozen Cuban sites of interest analyzed by CSIS—are the most likely to be supporting China’s intelligence efforts in the region.
The Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2023
China Plans With Cuba for Global Dominance
Their spy base will gather information on key military facilities and command headquarters in Florida.
By Miles Yu
June 29, 2023 5:58 pm ET
It has long been clear that China and Cuba, among the handful of remaining communist countries, view the U.S. as a common enemy. A fuller picture of their common cause was revealed recently, first by the Journal and then by government disclosure that China is using Cuba for eavesdropping and military training. China has been running extensive spying operations out of Cuba and secretly arming Havana for more than two decades. As far back as 2001, U.S. intelligence was reported to have known the existence of the Chinese eavesdropping operation in Cuba.
These espionage efforts began in earnest after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when Fidel Castro’s regime lost the support the Soviets had provided since the 1960s. The Chinese Communist Party, which viewed the Soviet collapse as a betrayal of the communist cause, quickly seized the opportunity to use Cuba as a front-line anti-American station. As a result, Beijing and Havana have signed a series of agreements—some open, others secret—that have allowed China to modernize Cuba’s obsolete Soviet weapons and telecommunications systems.
The influx of Chinese weapons into Cuba is in direct violation of countless U.S. sanctions. Most of these weapons have been ferried over, under disguise as normal shipments of commercial goods, by Chinese shipping giant Cosco. The quantity and quality of the shipments increased after April 2001, when a U.S. reconnaissance aircraft and a Chinese interceptor jet collided in midair over international waters near the Chinese island of Hainan.
[ Full article ]
Washington Times, 14 June 2023
“China’s Decades-long Military Presence In Cuba Goes Beyond Espionage”
By: John Suarez and Jianli Yang
OPINION:
President Biden has made it clear that he seeks competition, not conflict, with China, but President Xi Jinping has other plans. China seeks to replace the U.S. as the world’s superpower, create a new international world order in its totalitarian image, and Communist Cuba has been an ally in that effort.
The failure of the U.S. to side consistently with pro-democracy movements in both countries led to lost opportunities and instead empowered two regimes hostile to America while the current administration is repeating the same errors.
There has been a substantial Chinese military presence in Cuba for the past 24 years, and this relationship is not limited to espionage.
The Biden administration’s initial response to an article in The Wall Street Journal that “China was preparing to build a spy station in Cuba” was one of denial, but the existence of Chinese bases spying on the United States forced the White House to walk that back.
Manuel Cereijo, a professor of electronic engineering at Florida International University, reported in a 1999 study: “Chinese personnel have allegedly been working out of the Bejucal listening post since March 1999. In 1995, [Russia] began helping Cuba build the base south of Havana. It is allegedly capable of both eavesdropping and ‘cyber-warfare.’ Chinese workers are reportedly helping Cuba modernize a satellite-tracking center.”
In 2002, in El Nuevo Herald, Mr. Cereijo reported that “Chinese personnel, in collaboration with Cubans on Project Titan, have also built two antenna bases, one in Wajay, Havana, and the other in Santiago de Cuba, known as the antenna farm.”
Although the communist regimes in China and Cuba were established 10 years apart (Mao Zedong in 1949 and the Castro brothers in 1959), the dictatorships have much in common: They see the U.S. as an enemy, and they also see democracy and human rights as hostile to their interests, and anti-Americanism remains a core tenet of their ideology.
On Sept. 28, 1960, the Cuban regime diplomatically recognized China. This was at a time when Havana maintained normal diplomatic relations with the United States and had not declared its communist nature, and no sanctions had been imposed.
In November 1960, Ernesto “Che” Guevara led a Cuban delegation to China, where he met with Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other high-ranking Chinese officials to discuss conditions in Cuba and Latin America, as well as the prospects for spreading communism across the Western Hemisphere. Between 1960 and 1964, Beijing and Havana worked closely together. When the Castro regime sided with the Soviet Union in the Sino-Soviet split in 1964, these connections cooled.
Under Castroism, Havana’s ties with foreign countries were frequently defined by their antipathy toward and threat to the United States. From 1959 through 1991, the Soviet Union was regarded as an existential danger to the United States, and Havana maintained close ties with Moscow. Relations with Havana cooled as Mikhail Gorbachev began to push human rights and market reforms in the Soviet Union in 1985.
Meanwhile, Fidel Castro openly supported Beijing’s Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989, and his government was one of the few in the world to do so. This backing resulted in Chinese President Jiang Zemin’s high-level visit to Cuba in 1993, followed by Raul Castro’s first visit to China in 1997. These travels were publicly utilized to sign new trade and investment deals, but they were also used to push more strategic and ideological objectives.
After negotiations between Raul Castro and Chinese Defense Minister Chi Haotian, as well as Gen. Dong Liang Ju, an agreement was reached between Beijing and Havana in 1999 under which Chinese military personnel would use the Bejucal base and others alongside Cuban military personnel to spy on the U.S.
The Washington Times reported on June 12, 2001, that “at least three arms shipments were traced from China to the Cuban port of Mariel over the past several months.” U.S. intelligence authorities were sourced saying, “all of the weapons were aboard vessels owned by the state-run China Ocean Shipping Co. (Cosco).” Military-grade dual-use explosives and detonation cords were among the goods.
According to the story, the latest of these three shipments arrived in December 2000, coinciding with a visit to Cuba that month of Beijing’s military chief of staff, Fu Quanyou. The Chinese general “signed a military cooperation agreement with Havana aimed at modernizing Cuba‘s outdated Russian weapons,” The Times said.
Colombia intercepted a Chinese ship smuggling weapons intended for Cuba in 2015.
Official visits continued with Fidel Castro’s trip to China in 2003 and Raul Castro’s in 2012, while Mr. Xi made his first visit to Cuba in 2014. These high-level visits have continued to this day and do not bode well for U.S. interests.
Despite this, the Biden administration has maintained that Washington is “determined to avoid” a cold war with Beijing. The incident involving China’s spy station in Cuba is only the latest evidence that Cold War 2.0 has already begun.
The administration should stop denying it. Instead, it should accept that Beijing and Washington’s relationship is what it is and ensure that the U.S. wins the new Cold War.
https://www.washingtontimes.
Miami Herald, June 5, 2023
In Cuba, E.U. official prioritized economic engagement over human rights. Shameful | Opinion
By John Suarez June 05, 2023 11:06 AM
Even before Josep Borrell, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, arrived in Havana it was clear that addressing the plight of more than 1,000 political prisoners in Cuba was not a top concern.
Before his official visit to Cuba, from May 25-27, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Civil Rights Defenders and five other human-rights organizations sent Borrell a letter, made public on May 22, urging him, together with E.U. member states to respond to the country’s human-rights crisis during the third EU-Cuba Joint Council in Havana.
They asked him “to lead the E.U. and its member states in robustly engaging the Cuban authorities to immediately and unconditionally release all those detained solely for exercising their human rights, including the rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.” They asked, specifically, that they “raise the cases of José Daniel Ferrer García, Luis Manuel Otero Alcántara, Maykel ‘Osorbo’ Castillo Pérez, Aymara Nieto, Sissi Abascal Zamora, Donaida Pérez Paseiro and dissident artists Richard Zamora Brito “El Radikal”, Maria Cristina Garrido Rodriguez and Randy Arteaga-Rivera.”
On May 23, the European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights held a hearing on Cuba, where some members raised concerns, including the chair, who asked Jonathan Hatwell, head of the EEAS Division for Latin America and the Caribbean, if his boss, Borrell would be taking a list of political prisoners to hand over to the Cuban government and press for their release.
Hatwell’s meandering response, in which he said he didn’t know, spoke volumes.
On May 25, the European External Action Service tweeted: “Did you know that the European Union and its member states are Cuba’s first investor and first trading partner?” That same day, Borrell did not address Cuba’s political prisoners or mention the Cuban regime approving on the first day of his visit the “Social Communication Law,” which further criminalizes and seeks to muzzle independent journalism and penalizes user interaction on the internet to silence Cubans.
Instead, Borrell highlighted the micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) on Twitter. His first public event in Cuba was not a meeting with activists or the relatives of political prisoners, but a meeting with so-called “entrepreneurs” in a location owned by the son of a high-ranking military official.
Apparently, the European Union is competing with Russia in creating a new oligarchic class that is politically connected and will oversee Cuba’s private sector. Without the rule of law or private property rights, as is the case in Russia today, the private sector is determined by those connected to the inner circle of the dictatorship and the military.
The European Union’s high representative criticized U.S. sanctions, but made no mention of the internal blockade created by Cuban communists that results in great misery or that dissidents are calling for multilateral sanctions and international isolation of the Cuban dictatorship.
Borrell also criticized Cuba’s inclusion on the U.S. State Department’s state terror sponsor list, despite the fact that Havana is linked to terrorism around the world, and this includes Spain, Borrell’s home country.
The first ETA cadres were trained in Cuba. In 1964, members of the Basque terrorist group received training in kidnappings, subversion and sabotage. This terrorist gang, responsible for the murder of more than 850 Spaniards, has been given sanctuary in Cuba.
A January 2021 U.S. State Department report found that Cuba refused Colombia’s requests to extradite 10 ELN leaders living in Havana after the group claimed responsibility for the January 2019 bombing of a Bogota police academy that killed 22 people and injured more than 87 others. The report also found that Havana’s intelligence and military apparatus infiltrated Venezuela’s security and military forces to maintain a stranglehold over Venezuelans.
Havana’s support for FARC dissidents and the ELN continues beyond Cuba’s borders, as well, and the Castro regime created a permissive environment for international terrorists in Venezuela.
Money is fungible, and the European Union and its member states have forgiven Havana billions in debts. How many of these billions have gone to fund terrorism?
John Suarez is executive director of the Center for a Free Cuba.
[ Full article ]
https://www.miamiherald.com/
Center for a Free Cuba, June 9, 2023
Urgent appeal by Center for a Free Cuba to Chairs and Ranking members in the Senate and House tasked with U.S. national security oversight
June 9, 2023
Washington DC. Center for a Free Cuba. The following urgent appeal was sent today to the chairs and ranking members in the U.S. Senate of the Intelligence, Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committees, and in the U.S. House of Representatives of the Intelligence, Foreign Affairs, and Armed Services Committees calling on them to address an urgent matter jeopardizing U.S. national security, the establishment of a major Chinese electronic eavesdropping facility 90 miles from the United States.
The appeal sent by the Center for a Free Cuba asks these Members of Congress to:
1) Take immediate action before this plan moves forward. Minimally, all initiatives between Washington and Havana, including closing the US Embassy in Cuba should be put on the table.
2) Hold hearings, and to urge President Biden, National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan, and Secretary of State Antony Blinken to move promptly on this urgent threat.
This appeal is made by Mr. Guillermo Marmol, Chairman of the Center for a Free Cuba, Ms. Mary Curtis Horowitz, Vice Chair of the Center for a Free Cuba, and Ambassador Otto J. Reich, President of the Center for a Free Cuba.
Below is the text of the full appeal:
Dear Member of Congress:
We are calling on you to address an urgent matter jeopardizing the national security of the United States. The eyes of the world are focused on Ukraine (and Cuba has played a nefarious role in that conflict) but our immediate concern is Cuba’s agreement with China to establish an electronic eavesdropping facility on the island.
The Wall Street Journal yesterday reported that “China and Cuba have reached a secret agreement for China to establish an electronic eavesdropping facility on the island, in a brash new geopolitical challenge by Beijing to the U.S., according to U.S. officials familiar with highly classified intelligence.”
Cuba is known to have engaged in sophisticated espionage throughout the world as an adjunct to the Soviet KGB and now the FSB. It’s spying inside the United States, as the case of DIA’s Ana Belen Montes demonstrates, has had a destructive effect. Nor is Havana’s support of China’s intelligence operations new; China has long benefited from Cuban spy operations around the world, and China took over operations at Lourdes and Bejucal when the Russians left after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
But this new facility represents a major change in scale and potential impact. Havana is expected to receive several billion dollars from Beijing for this state of the art facility. Once operational, it could have devastating consequences. We ask that you take immediate action before this plan moves forward. Minimally, all initiatives between Washington and Havana, including closing the US Embassy should be put on the table.
We also ask that you hold hearings, and to urge President Biden, National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan, and Secretary of State Antony Blinken to move promptly on this urgent threat.
Yours very truly,
Mr. Guillermo Marmol, Chairman, Center for a Free Cuba
Ms. Mary Curtis Horowitz, Vice Chair, Center for a Free Cuba
Ambassador Otto J. Reich, President, Center for a Free Cuba
From the archives
Granma, September 7, 2015
Díaz-Canel praises biotechnological collaboration with China
The Cuban Vice President emphasized the notable progress made by Cuba and China in the sphere of biotechnology over recent years, while also highlighting the close collaboration the two countries share in the sector
Author: Prensa Latina(PL) | internet@granma.cu
September 7, 2015 10:09:22
Beijing.— Cuba’s First Vice President of the Councils of State and Ministers Miguel Díaz-Canel highlighted progress made in the sphere of biotechnology through exchanges with China, an important pillar in relations between both countries, reported PL.
During a visit to the mixed entity Biotech on September 4, just hours before departing the country, the vice president was received by institution directors and personnel from both nations. Biotech has been functioning for over 10 years and has a staff of over 300, including 14 Cuban experts.
Díaz-Canel emphasized the notable progress made by Cuba and China in the sphere of biotechnology over recent years while also highlighting the close collaboration that the two countries share in the sector; providing great benefits and knowledge for both peoples.
He noted that this coming September, the Cuban branch located in the Mariel Special Development Zone west of Havana, dedicated to the development, production and sale of monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer, will celebrate its 15 anniversary.
The Cuban official noted that cooperation in the sector received a boost with Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visit to the island, during which important agreements to benefit the health of both populations were signed.
According to Díaz-Canel, Cuba and China enjoy high levels of cooperation in all spheres, but biotechnology which has a positive impact on citizens from Cuba, China and around the world.
Cuba’s First Vice President arrived in the capital on September 2, to participate in commemorations for the 70th Anniversary of the Victory of the Chinese People and the end of WWII.
https://en.granma.cu/mundo/
Excerpts from BIOHAZARD: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World by Ken Alibek (1)(Random House, 2000)
Pages 273-277 When Yuri Ovchinnikov died in 1987, I joined a group of Biopreparat scientists at his funeral services in Moscow. The conversation eventually turned to Cuba’s surprising achievements in genetic engineering. Someone mentioned that Cuban scientists had successfully altered strains of bacteria at a pharmaceutical facility just outside of Havana.‘‘Where did such a poor country get all of that knowledge and equipment?’’ I asked.‘‘From us, of course,’’ he answered with a smile. As I listened in astonishment, he told me that Castro had been taken during a visit to the Soviet Union in February 1981 to a laboratory where E. coli bacteria had been genetically altered to produce interferon, then thought a key to curing cancer and other diseases.
Castro spoke so enthusiastically to Brezhnev about what he had seen that the Soviet leader magnanimously offered his help. A strain of E. coli containing the plasmid used to produce interferon was sent to Havana, along with equipment and working procedures. Within a few years, Cuba had one of the most sophisticated genetic engineering labs in the world—capable of the kind of advanced weapons research we were doing in our own. General Lebedinsky visited Cuba the following year, at Castro’s invitation, with a team of military scientists. He was set up in a ten room beach-front cottage near Havana and boasted of being received like a king. An epidemic of dengue fever had broken out a few months earlier, infecting 350,000 people. Castro was convinced that this was the result of an American biological attack. He asked Lebedinsky and his scientists to study the strain of the dengue virus in special labs set up near the cottage compound.
All evidence pointed to a natural outbreak—the strain was Cuban, not American—but Castro was less interested in scientific process than in political expediency.. . . Cuba has accused the United States twelve times since 1962 of staging biological attacks on Cuban soil with anti-livestock and anti-crop agents . . .Kalinin was invited to Cuba in 1990 to discuss the creation of a new biotechnology plant ostensibly devoted to single-cell protein. He returned convinced that Cuba had an active biological weapons program.The situation in Cuba illustrates the slippery interrelation between Soviet support of scientific programs among our allies and their ability to develop biological weapons.. . . For many years, the Soviet Union organized courses in genetic engineering and molecular biology for scientists from Eastern Europe, Cuba, Libya, India, Iran and Iraq among others. Some forty foreign scientists were trained annually.
Many of them now head biotechnology programs in their own countries. Some have recruited the services of their former classmates.In July 1995, Russia opened negotiations with Iraq for the sale of large industrial fermentation vessels and related equipment. The model was one we had used to develop and manufacture bacterial biological weapons. Like Cuba, the Iraqis maintained the vessels were intended to grow single-cell protein for cattle feed . . .A report submitted by the U.S. Office of Technological Assessment to hearings at the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in late 1995 identified seven-teen counties believed to possess biological weapons ‘‘Libya, North Korea, South Korea, Iraq, Taiwan, Syria, Israel, Iran, China, Egypt, Vietnam, Laos, Cuba, Bulgaria, India, South Africa and Russia.’’
https://www.amazon.com/